{"id":1232,"date":"2020-03-20T06:41:05","date_gmt":"2020-03-20T06:41:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/slowlylife.wordpress.com\/?p=1232"},"modified":"2023-04-05T11:09:56","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T04:09:56","slug":"flow-the-psychology-of-optimal-experience-by-mihaly-csikszentmihalyi-part-1-introduction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoangthilinhchi.com\/?p=1232","title":{"rendered":"Flow &#8211; Mihaly Csikszentmihaly (Introduction)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch do m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, mong m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00ec g\u00f3p \u00fd th\u00eam cho m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa nh\u00e9, m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u &lt;3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 th\u1eadt ra m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh bao gi\u1edd d\u1ecbch xong t\u1ea7m 3-4 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i laptop b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n b\u00e0i d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n 5000 ch\u1eef. N\u00ean m\u00ecnh r\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u d\u1ecbch xong s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean lu\u00f4n. V\u1eeba nh\u1edd m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f3p \u00fd v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng \u0111i tong c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c l\u1ecd m\u1ecd bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00e0y \ud83d\ude00<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-blue-color has-text-color\">L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>230 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Trong khi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c \u2013 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5i thay k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ee7a Aristotle. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n &nbsp;m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u qua h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Aristotle, v\u00e0 trong khi ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3 (this blessed condition), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c k\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n, hay vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m sung t\u00fac nh\u1ea5t b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Louis XIV (the Sun King), gh\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i c\u00f2n hi\u1ebfm th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Roma n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eadt TV l\u00ean xem khi \u00f4ng ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n), v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m, thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3? Hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n lan t\u1ecfa ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t \u2013 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean chua ch\u00e1t v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1ea7m ch\u1ed7? M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m r\u1eb1ng: \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u1ea5t? N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>25 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i l\u1ea7m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u (since the dawn of time). D\u00f9 v\u1eady t\u1eeb n\u00e0y v\u1eabn s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 hay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft theo m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc uy\u00ean b\u00e1c n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. N\u00ean t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh \u00bc th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft (elusive) n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00ecnh c\u1edd. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a may m\u1eafn hay nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (condition) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun \u0111\u1eafp, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u00ean trong (inner experience) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u0103m \u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. \u201cH\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi xem li\u1ec7u m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng?\u201d \u2013 J.S.Mill \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u201cv\u00e0 r\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f3\u201d. Ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1y th\u1eb3ng \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1t hay kh\u00f4ng. Viktor Frankl, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t hay trong l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201c\u0110i t\u00ecm l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201c\u0110\u1eebng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng &#8211; v\u00ec c\u00e0ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o,c\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi n\u00f3, th\u00ec ta c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t n\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i sinh ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 (side effect) kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y n\u00e0y khi&nbsp; m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp? Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua \u00bc th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quanh co m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (perceptions) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh, kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao \u0111\u1ebfn bao nhi\u00eau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y sinh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fac n\u00e0o th\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh hay suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf (a depression). Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u00e3 gen c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n hoa trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i kia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tuy ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 thay v\u00ec b\u1ecb v\u00f9i d\u1eadp v\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. Khi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp hi\u1ebfm hoi n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi, ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1eafm r\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5p \u1ee7 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u1ebd ra n\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra&nbsp; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u (optimal experience). L\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc tay l\u00e1i khi c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 qu\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u00f3c, khi con thuy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o con s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a non h\u00e1u \u0111\u00e1 (like a colt) \u2013 c\u00e1nh bu\u1ed3m, th\u00e2n t\u00e0u, gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 k\u00eau r\u1ec1n l\u00ean giai \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 rung l\u00ean. L\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecda s\u0129, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i canvas b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n (magnetic tension), v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Hay l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha khi \u0111\u1ee9a con l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tuy v\u1eady nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ec9 khi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung hay nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tra t\u1ea5n \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, h\u1ecd tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng khi h\u1ecd nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng chim h\u00f3t trong r\u1eebng, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 nh\u1eb1n, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129, nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u2013 d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. &nbsp;Nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc tuy\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 hay t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u00e9o c\u0103ng ra trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1. Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra (make it happen). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t mi\u1ebfng gh\u00e9p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f3n tay run r\u1ea9y, ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y n\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 violin, ch\u01a1i thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac ch\u00fang di\u1ec5n ra. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 b\u1eafp c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111au nh\u1ee9c trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua xanh \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, ph\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 n\u1ed5 tung, anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t v\u00ec s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi \u2013 tuy v\u1eady \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi anh ta. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp n\u00ean c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 (mastery) &#8211; ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham gia trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u2013 g\u1ea5n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y khi h\u1ecd t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i tr\u0103m \u201cchuy\u00ean gia\u201d \u2013 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7 c\u1edd vua, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u2013 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd y\u00eau th\u00edch. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m, t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u201cd\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y\u201d (flow) \u2013 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa; tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd v\u1eabn s\u1ebd l\u00e0m d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau (different walks of life). Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 phong l\u01b0u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0u t\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a (industrialized elites). Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u1edf Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u1edf Tokyo, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ch\u0103n c\u1eebu \u1edf Navajo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u00ean d\u00e3y An-p\u01a1 \u1edf \u00dd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf Chicago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m (Experience Sampling Method), n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111eo m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eafn tin \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111ang ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed7i khi chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. M\u00e1y nh\u1eafn tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 8 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n tin hi\u1ec7u radio, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean (intervals). Cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi \u00e2m, m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n phim v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n l\u00e1t c\u1eaft (cross-section) tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Canada, \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00dd, Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00dac \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed9c thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi Chicago l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Milan, Italia. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xa l\u00e1nh, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (?!) (effervesence and rituals). M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1eabn l\u1ed7i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kinh doanh, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u t\u00e2m l\u00fd,  gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i (juvenile delinquents), t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e3o, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (occupational therapy) cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng 1 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau khi b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> L\u1ea5y theo t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch do m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, mong m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00ec g\u00f3p \u00fd th\u00eam cho m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa nh\u00e9, m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u &lt;3 \u00c0 th\u1eadt ra m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh bao gi\u1edd d\u1ecbch xong t\u1ea7m 3-4 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i laptop [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4356,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hoangthilinhchi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2.png?fit=3600%2C2025&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":225,"url":"https:\/\/hoangthilinhchi.com\/?p=225","url_meta":{"origin":1232,"position":0},"title":"&#8220;M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3&#8221;","author":"alittlebeasty","date":"11\/06\/2015","format":false,"excerpt":"*B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat suy ngh\u0129 trong 45ph ki\u1ec3m tra. V\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n vi\u1ebft ra Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng. 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